Music Sound

Lists of folk music traditions
Americas: North, Central, Latin, South America and the Caribbean
Asia: East, Central, North, South, Southeast
Europe: Northern, Eastern, Southeastern, Southern, Western
Middle East and North Africa: Southwest Asia
Oceania and Australia: Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia
Sub-Saharan Africa: Central, East, Southern and West

This is a list of folk music traditions, with styles, dances, instruments and other related topics. The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner; it is used with widely-varying definitions depending on the author, intended audience and context within a work. Similarly, the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria. Music scholars, journalists, audiences, record industry individuals, politicians, nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music are distinct traditions based along racial, geographic, linguistic, religious, tribal or ethnic lines, and all such peoples will likely use different criteria to decide what constitutes a "folk music tradition". This list uses the same general categories used by mainstream, primarily English-language, scholarly sources, as determined by relevant statements of fact and the internal structure of works.

These traditions may coincide entirely, partially or not at all with geographic, political, linguistic or cultural boundaries. Very few, if any, music scholars would claim that there are any folk music traditions that can be considered specific to a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples; thus, the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other.

Europe

 

Country	Elements	Dance	Instrumentation	Other topics
Albanian [1]	aheng - ballad (lieder) - epic (këngë trimash, këngë kreshnikësh) - kaba - kantadha - Kefalonitika - këputje fjalësh - Korçare - lament - llazore - lullaby - maje krahi - Albanian iso-polyphony - prcjellsi - rapsodi - saze orchestra - serenata - wedding music - work song	ajsino oro - arnaöut - Osman Taka - pušteno - sherianqe - shota - valle	bousouk - buzuk - cifteli - clarinet - dajreja - def - fyell - grrneta (clarinet) - lahuta (fiddle) - llautë (lute) - lodra - mandolin - sharki - violin - zumarë (clarinet)	kurbet - pare
Andalusian	See Spanish	-	-	-
Andorran	See Catalan	-	-	-
Arbereshi	See Albanian	-	-	-
Austrian [2]	Faschingsbriefe - Schnadahüpfl (Gstanzl, Gsetzl, Trutzgsangl) - schrammelmusik - string quartet - Wienalied - yodeling (Jodler, Wullaza, Hullaza, Almer) - Zettellandler	Volkstanz: Blasmusik - Boarischer - Eiswalzer - Hiatamadl - Jägermarsch - Kontratänze - Krebspolka - Kreuzpolka - Kuckuckspolka - landler - ländler - Lunzer Boarischer - mazurka - Neudeutscher - polka - Poschater Zwoaschritt - Rediwa (Sprachinseltänze - Schnitterhüpfer - schuhplattler (Plattler) - Rheinländer - Siebenschritt - Steirischer - Studentenpolka - Zwiefacher - waltz [3]	accordion - alphorn - clarinet - double bass (contrabass) - dulcimer - fiddle - flute - grazer - guimbard (Jew's harp) - guitar - harp - Styrian harmonica (accordion) - tamburica - trumpet - violin - zither	heurigan - tracht - Volkssänger
Auvergnat	See French	-	-	-
Balearic Islander	See Catalan	-	-	-
Basque [4]	bersolari - bikoa - chant - choir - dawn song - errena - trikitrixa	Abaltzisketa - ariñ ariñ - Aurresku - azeri - baso - basauri - Berastegi - Beti Alai Arku - brokel - dantzari - Donostia-San Sebastian - Euskaldunak - ezpata - eztai-soinu - garay - gizon - Ingurutxo - jorrai - Karrika-Soinu (biribilketa) - larrain - legazpi - makil - Markina-Xemein - Matelota - Miel Otxin - mutildantza - Muxico (Mutico) - paloteados - sagar - San Juan - soka - sorgin - troquel - txino - Uztai Txiki - Yantza-Luze - zagi - zortziko	alboka (double clarinet) - atabal (bass drum) - chirula - gaïta - harriparta - Kirikoketa - makilak (sticks) - pandereta - silbote - tarogato - tenora (shawm) - tobera - trikitrixa (concertina) - ttun-ttun (drum) - txalaparta - txistu (whistle) - txun-txun - xirula (flute)	aintzara-yoku - alardes - Basque picnic - dantzaris - herren - kolaris - mascarada - Pastorale - religious procession - txakun
Bavarian	See German	-	-	-
Belarusan
Bohemian	See Czech	-	-	-
Bosnian [5]	gange - gusle - ilahije - izvorna bosanska muzika - Ladino song - novokomponovana narodna muzika - ravne pjesme - sevdalinka (sevdah) [6]	line dance - kolo	accordion - bagpipe - clarinet - daire - double bass - flute - guitar - sargija (lute) - saz - snare drum - violin	sijela
Breton [7]	bagad (bagadoù, pipe band) - chant de marin (sea shanty) - couples de sonneurs (sonner par couple) - gwerz (gwerzioù) - kan a boz - kan ha diskan - kantik (hymn) - kost ar c'hoat - quête - sôn (sonioù)	an dros (an dro) - bals - plinn - fisel - gavotte - jabadao - hanter dro - laridé (ridée) - pach-pi - rond	accordion - binou (bagpipe, kozh, braz, bihan, pib veur) - binou braz - bombarde (oboe) - hurdy-gurdy - telenn (harp) - treujenn-gaol (clarinet, trognon d'chou) - veuze (bagpipe) - violon (violin, fiddle)	chanteurs engagés (protest singer) - Dastum - diskaner - fest-noz (festou noz, bal breton) - kaner - roots revival - sonerion
Bulgarian [8]	choir - Koleduvane - kopanica - Laduvane - Lazaruvane - na trapeza - wedding music	Horo: acano mlada nvesto (line dance) - buchimish (line dance) - chetvorno - chope - daichovo (line dance) - dunavsko - elenino (line dance) - eleno mome - iove male mome - kopanica - kopanitsa (line dance, gankino) - nestinari - paidushko - petrunino - povarnato (devetorka) - pravo horo (line dance) - rachenitsa (ruchenitsa, couple dance) - sandansko - sedenka - sedi donka - trite puti (line dance) - tropoli	clarinet - kaba gaida - kaval (flute) - gadulka - gaida (bagpipe) - tambura (lute) - tarabuka (drum) - tǔpan (drum)	Koprivshtitsa - nestinarstvo - sedyanki
Burgenland Croat	See Croatian	-	-	-
Calabrian	See Italian	-	-	-
Castilian	See Spanish	-	-	-
Catalan [9]	ball the bastons - ball de gitanes - besones - caramelles - cercaviles - colla - colles diableres - cobla - galops - gloses (glosada, estribot) - gotxos - habanera - ida y vuelta - lullaby - passos - porfèdia - redoblada - regateix - redoblat - uc - work song	bolero - contrapàs - copeo - cossiers - habaneres - jota - marratxa - mateixa - sa filera - Saint Anne's dance - sardana (circle dance) - sardana curta - sardana llarga - sardana de lluïment - sardana revessa - ses dotze rodades - ses nou rodades	bandúrria - bimbau (Jew's harp) - castanet - fiscorn (horn) - flabiol (flute) - gralla (oboe) - guitarró (guitar) - sac de gemecs (bagpipe, coixinera, caterineta, borrega, manxa borrega, bot, noia verda, mossa verda, ploranera, sac de les aspres, buna, cornamusa) - tambori - tambourine - tarota (oboe) - tenora (shawm) - tible - xeremia (clarinet) - ximbomba	cantada - correfoc - esbartades - sonador - vetlada - xacota
Cham	See Albanian	-	-	-
Channel Islands [10]	bachîn ringing	bérouisse - cotillion - danse des chapieaux (the hat dance) - ronde (round dance) - sonneur	accordion - bachîn - chifournie (hurdy gurdy) - violin
Cornish [11]	Cornish carol	cushion dance - jig - hornpipe - reel - troyll	bagpipe - bombarde - crowdy crawn (croder croghen) - fiddle (crowd) - hand drum - harp	gorsedd
Corsican	See French	-	-	-
Croatian [12]	bećarac - deseterac - epic poetry - klapa - tamburica band - tamburitza	drme - kolo (round dance) - lindjo - moreska (Korcula sword dance) - zvecke	accordion - berda - bisernice - brac - bugarija - clarinet - curla - diple - fiddle - gange - gusle - lijerica (lirica, fiddle) - roznica - samica - sargija (dulcimer) - sopila - tambura (mandolin) - tamburica - violin - zither	Istrian scale - kukeri
Cypriot	See Greek or Turkish	-	-	-
Czech [13]	gaidosska muzika - hudecka muzika - lidovka - skripacka - staroprazske pisnieky - tramp music (trampska hudba)	polka - sedlacka - tahla - verbunk	accordion - bagpipe - cimbalom - clarinet - double bass - fiddle - viola - violin
Dalmatian	See Croatian	-	-	-
Danish [14]		fanik - firtur - hopsa - polka - pols - rheinlænder - schottische - sønderhoning - trekanter - tretur - vals	accordion - fiddle - humle - nyckelharpa
Dutch [15]		mâtelot - mazurka - polka - Seven Sault - waltz	accordion - doedelzak - guitar - hurdy-gurdy - pijpzak - violin
Emilian	See Italian	-	-	-
English [16]	broadside ballad - Child ballad - wassailing [17]	clogging - country dance - horn dance - hornpipe - long sword - Maypole dance - morris dance - rapper dance	accordion - concertina - fiddle - mouth organ - Northumbrian smallpipe	ballad meter - obby oss
Estonian [18]	runo-song - swing-song	polka	accordion - bagpipe - concertina - fiddle - hiiu-kannel - kannel - tallharpa - trumpet - whistle - zither	Kalevipoeg
Faeroese [19]	kingosalmar - kvæði - skjaldur - tættir - visur	circle dance - Faeroe two-step
Finnish [20]	itku - rekilaulu - runolaulu	humppa - jenkka - mazurka - minuet - pelimanni - polka - purpuri - schottische - waltz	accordion - clarinet - fiddle - harmonium - horn - jouhikko - kantele - tallharpa - whistle	Kalevala
Flemish [21]
Florentine	See Italian	-	-	-
Formentera	See Catalan	-	-	-
Frisian [22]		galop - polka - skoetsploech - skots - wals	accordion - fiddle - melodeon - rommelpot
French [23]	bal-musette - Corsican polyphonic song - paghjella - regret	bourrée - branle - contredanse - farandole - quadrille - rigaudon	aboè - accordion - bodega - boha - cabrette - chabrette - cornemuse - fifre - galoubet - graille - grand cornemuse - hurdy-gurdy - pifre - tambourin - violin
Galician [24]	coplas verdes	danza de damas y galanes - jota - muiñeira	gaita - pandereta
Gascon	See French	-	-	-
Genoese	See Italian	-	-	-
German[25]	anacrusis - German ballad - volksmusik - yodeling	bacchu-ber - perchtentanz - schuhplatteltanz - waltz	alphorn - zupfgeige	Kriegspiele - Stadtfeste
Gheg	See Albanian	-	-	-
Greek [26]	amané - dhimotika tragoudhia - kalanda - kantadhes - kleftiko - Klephtic song - miroloyia - nisiotika - rebetiko - skaros - taxim - tis tavlas	çifte telli - hasaposerviko - kalamatiano - karsilama - khasapiko - syrto - tsamiko - zebekiko	askomandra - baglamas - bouzouki - daouli - defi - gaïdla - kavali - kithara - klarino - laouto - lautokithara - lyra - outi - santouri - toumberleki - tsambouna - violi - zournas	demotiki - dromoi - manges - paniriyia - rebetes - tekes
Gypsy	See Roma (Gypsy)	-	-	-
Hungarian [27]	hajnali - parlando-rubato - tempo-giusto - verbunkos	csardas - legenyes - szolo - verbunkos	bagpipe - cimbalom - cowbell - fiddle - gardon - hurdy-gurdy - violin - zither	tanchaz
Ibiza	See Catalan	-	-	-
Icelandic [28]	organum - rimur	ballad dancing	fidla - langspil	saga
Irish [29]	aisling - amhrain - ballad - bard - caoineadh - diddling - drinking song - Fonn Mall - harp music - keening (lament, caoning) - macaronic song - Ossian ballad (Fenian ballad) - rebel song - reverdie - sean nós	carol - céilidh - clogging - highland - hornpipe - jig - polka - quadrille - reel - slide - slip jig - step dance - strathspey	accordion - bodhrán - bouzouki - concertina - fiddle - flute - guitar - harp - uilleann pipe - whistle [30]	American wake conyach - crack - feis - fleadh - session
Istrian	See Croatian	-	-	-
Italian [31]	baride - endecasillabo - gozo - maggio - Sardinian polyphony - tammorriata - trallalero - villanella	ciociora - forlana - ruggera - saltarello - siciliana - su ballu - tarantella - trescona	accordion - clapper - clarinet - flute - guitar - Jew's harp - launedda - lira - mandolin - melodeon - ocarina - panpipe - piffero - rattle - tamburello - tamorra - tamura - violin - zampogna	tarantolati
Karelian	See Finnish	-	-	-
Kosovar	See Albanian	-	-	-
Kvarnerian	See Croatian	-	-	-
Lab	See Albanian	-	-	-
Latvian [32]	balss - daina - dziesma - ligotne - runo-song - sadzives - zinge		citara - dulcimer - kokle
Lithuanian [33]	daino - dvejines - keturines - sutartines - trejines	polka - quadrille - rateliai - waltz	accordion - balalaika - bandoneon - basetle - birbynes - clarinet - concertina - daudytes - fiddle - guitar - harmonica - kankle - lamzdeliai - mandolin - pusline - ragai - sekminiu ragelis - skuduciai - svilpas - tabala
Lombard	See Italian	-	-	-
Mallorca	See Catalan	-	-	-
Manx [34]	Carvalyn Gailckagh - lament - Manx carol
Macedonian [35]	calgia - narodni orkestri		accordion - cemane - clarinet - def - dzumbus - gajda - kanun - kaval - supelka - tambura - tarabuka - tupan - ut - zurla	narodna muzika - nove narodne pesme novokomponirana
Minorca	See Catalan	-	-	-
Moldovan	See Romanian	-	-	-
Montenegrin [36]	Montenegrin epic poetry		gusle
Moravian	See Czech	-	-	-
Neapolitan	See Italian	-	-	-
Norwegian [37]	bansuller - kveding - halling - laling - lokking - Norwegian ballad - slattar - stev - tralling	brumarsj - bygdedan - gammeldans - gangnar - halling - pols - rull - springar - springdans - springleik	bukkehorn - fiddle - Hardanger fiddle - harp - langeleik - lur - Meraker - seljefløyte - trekspel - tungehorn	kappleikar
Occitan	See French	-	-	-
Piedmontese	See Italian	-	-	-
Pityusan Islander	See Catalan	-	-	-
Polish [38]	lidyzowanie	chodzony - cimbaŀy - krakowiak - krzesany - mazurka - obertass - ozwodna - polka - polonaise - zboknicki	cello - diable skryzypce - fiddle - gensle - kozio - maryna - mazanka - suka - violin	dozynki
Portugal [39]	castiço - fado - modinha - Romanceiro - tamborileiro - zés-pereiras	dança dos homens - fofa - lundum	adufe - bandolim - bexigoncelo - bombo - briquinho - caixa - cântaro com abanho - castanholas - cavaquinho - concertina - concha - ferrinhos - flauta pastoril - gaita-de-foles - genebres - guitarra - pandeireta - pandeiro - pifaro - reco-reco - sanfona - sarronça - tamboril - transcanholas - viola - zaclitracs	fadista - ranchos folclóricos - saudade
Provenç	See French	-	-	-
Puglian	See Italian	-	-	-
Roma (Gypsy) [40]	bulerías - calgia - cantes - cimbalom - fandango - fasil - flamenco - jaleo - koumpaneia - loki djili - oral-bassing - siguiriyas - soleares - taksim - tientos - tangos	alegrias - belly dance - bulerías - farruca - garrotin - marianas - moritas - khelimaske djili	accordion - buzuq - cimbalom - clarinet - cümbüş - darbuka - davul - djumbus - dombak - kaman - kanun - ney - rebab - tabla - ud - violin - zurna	braceos - cuadro - juerga - Karagöz shadow theatre - taraf
Romanian [41]	ballad - colinde - doina - lament - taraf - Transylvanian wedding music	briu - fluier - geamparale - hora - sirba	cetera - cimbalom - cobza - doba - double bass - fiddle - nai - taragot - viola - violin - zongora	capra
Rousillon	See Catalan	-	-	-
Russian [42]	byliny - chastushka - plachi - protiazhnaia pesnia - wedding music - zmires	broyges tants - kaketke - kozatske - krakovyak - khorovodi - mitsve tants - sher - shrayer	accordion - balalaika - domra - tsimbl	badkhn - fakelore
Sami [43]	joik - lavlu		gievri - kobdas	noaite
Sardinian	See Italian	-	-	-
Scottish [44]	ballad - Border ballad - bothy ballad - brosnachadh - cauld wind pipe - ceol beg - ceol mor - flyting - lilt - muckle sang - pibroch - piobaireachd - psalm - puirt-a-beul (mouth music) - Scottish work song - Shetland fiddling - trowie - urlar - waulking song	battement - Highland fling - hornpipe - jig - minuet - quickstep - reel - shean treuse - strathspey - sword dance	accordion - Border pipe - clarsach - concertina - fiddle - flute - gue - harp - Highland pipes - Lowland pipe - pastoral pipe - pibroch - smallpipe - tin whistle	Cape Breton fiddling - conyach - Feisean - mod - tryst
Serbian [45]	izvorna - narodna muzika - novokomponovana narodna muzika - sevdalinka [46]	kolo - sa-sa	frula - gusle - sargija - violin
Sicilian	See Italian	-	-	-
Slavonian	See Croatian	-	-	-
Slovak [47]		cardas	cello - flute - fujara - gajdy - violin
Slovenian [48]	velike goslarije - Slovenian harmony singing		meh - panpipe - sopile - zither
Spanish [49]	copla - jaleo - jota - Romanceiro	aragonesas - bolero - bolerio viejo o parado - cachuca - chaconne - danza Antigua de Hermigua - Danza del Paloteo y el Cordón a La Virgen de La Piedad - Danza del Cordón, de la Carrera y del Paloteo al Cristo de la Viga - Danza de las ánimas - Danza de los Diablos - danzantes y pecados - S'a llarga y S'a curta - S'escandalari - fandango - gallega - gitana - jota - jota de vendimia - malagueñas - manchegas - meloneras - milonga - mollaras - murciano - panaderos - quipuzcoanas - seguidilla - sevillana - soleares - torrás - valldemosa - vallenciana - verdiales - zambra - zarabanda	castanet - chacara (large castanet) - dulzaina - guitarra - mandolin - tambourine	caf&eacute cantates - duende - juerga
Swedish [50]	ballad - halling - kulning - laling - lockrop - lokking	cobbler's dance - daldans - gammaldans - gangar - kadriljs - pols - polska (polskor) - rudl - runddans - skralat - springar - springdans - springleik - vafva vadna - vingakersdans	ackordcittra - dragspel - fiddle - hackbräde - hummel - mungiga - nyckelharpa - säckpipa - sälgpipa - skalmeja - spelpipa - stråkharpa - vevlira	spelmanslag - Zorn Badge
Swiss [51]	yodeling		alphorn
Tosk	See Albanian	-	-	-
Transylvanian	See Hungarian and Romanian	-	-	-
Turkish [52]	türkü - uzun hava		duduk - klemence - ney - saz - zurna	Huseni
Ukrainian [53]	dumy - troista muzyka	kolomyjka	bandura - fiddle - floyara - frilka - kobza - lira - sopilka - trembita - tsymbaly - tylynka	kobzari - lirnyky - pryspiv - zaspiv
Valencian	See Catalan	-	-	-
Venetian	See Italian	-	-	-
Vlach [54]			bagpipe - fiddle	Pomana
Walloon [55]			fiddle
Wales [56]	pennillion - Welsh choral music	clogging (Welst step dance) - hornpipe - twmpath	crwth - pibacwd - pibcorn - Welsh harp (triple harp)	dategeiniad - eisteddfod - gwerin - gwyl werin

References

• Bohlman, Philip V.; Bruno Nettl, Charles Capwell, Thomas Turino and Isabel K. F. Wong (1997). Excursions in World Music, Second edition, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0132306328.
• Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham (eds.) (2000). Rough Guide to World Music, First edition, London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1858286360.
• Glossary of Folk Musical Instruments & Styles from Around the World. Hobgoblin Info Source. URL accessed on April 20, 2006.
• Kinney, Troy and Margaret West (1935). The Dance: Its Place in Art and Life. Tudor Publishing.
• Manuel, Peter (1988). Popular Musics of the Non-Western World. New York: Oxford University Press. 0195053427.
• (2001) Mathieson, Kenny (Ed.) Celtic Music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0879306238.
• McKinney, Howard D. and W. R. Anderson (1966). Music in History: The Evolution of an Art. New York: American Book Company.
• Ritchie, Fiona (2004). The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Celtic Music. New York: Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 039953071.
• Nettl, Bruno (1965). Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• Sawyers, June Skinner (2000). Celtic Music: A Complete Guide, First Edition, Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306810077.
• [Dance History Archives War Type Dances]. StreetSwing.com. URL accessed on April 3, 2006.
• Fujie, Linda, James T. Koetting, David P. McAllester, David B. Reck, John M. Schechter, Mark Slobin and R. Anderson Sutton (1992). Jeff Todd Titan (Ed.) Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples, Second Edition, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0028726022.
• International Dance Glossary. World Music Central. URL accessed on April 3, 2006.

Notes

1. ^ Burton, Kim, "The Eagle Has Landed", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 1 - 6; World Music Central; Koco, Eno. Albanian Music. Leeds-Tiranë: University of Leeds. URL accessed August 28, 2005.; Bashkim Braho: Albanian folk dance. Massachusetts Cultural Council. URL accessed on April 3, 2006.
2. ^ Bohlman, pg. 210; Wagner, Christoph, "Soul Music of Old Vienna", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 13 - 15; * "Volksmusik", "Unterhaltungsmusik", "Kammermusik", "Blasmusik", "Schnadahüpfl" and "Jodler". AEIOU. URL accessed on April 5, 2006.
3. ^ The landler and the ländler are not the same dance, despite the similarity in name
4. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 109 - 112; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Jan Fairley, "Music of the Regions" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113 and pgs. 292 - 297; World Music Central; Folk music and poetry. Bizkaia.net. URL accessed on April 20, 2006.; Hobgoblin Info Source; TAP Program Notes. Traditional Arts Program. URL accessed on April 20, 2006.; What is the Txistu?. Txistulari.com. URL accessed on April 20, 2006. Txalaparta. Irish World Academy of Music and Dance. URL accessed on April 20, 2006.; Murua, Angel (1993). “Folklore and Traditions”, The Basque Country, Come and then pass the word, 2nd Edition, Gobierno Vasco, Departamento de Comercio, Consuma, y Turismo. Viceconsejeria de Turismo. URL accessed 2006-04-17.
5. ^ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pg. 31 - 35; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207; Art. Bosnians, Their History and Culture. URL accessed on April 20, 2006.
6. ^ The novokomponovana narodna muzika style is clearly not folk music in a scholarly sense, but may be more loosely termed traditional
7. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 49, 60, 79; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, "Music of the Regions" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 14 - 15, 58, 133; World Music Central; Winick, Steven D., "Brittany", in Mathieson, pgs. 110 - 139; Ceolas; Winick, Stephen D. (Summer 1995). "Breton Folk Music, Breton Identity, And Alan Stivell's Again". Journal of American Folklore 108 (429). URL accessed on 2006-04-17.
8. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 84; Burton, Kim, "The Mystery Voice", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 36 - 45; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207; Vollan, Ståle Tvete (1999). Bulgarsk folkemusikk - musikktradisjon og feltarbeid (in Norwegian). URL accessed March 2006.; May It Fill Your Soul. Central Europe Review. URL accessed on April 19, 2006.; Bulgarian Folk Instruments. Lark in the Morning: A World of Music. URL accessed on April 19, 2006.; Bulgarian dances. Eliznik Romania. URL accessed on April 19, 2006.; Kopanica (Sopluk & Trakia, Bulgaria). Dunav. URL accessed on April 19, 2006.
9. ^ Catalan folk music can be taken to not include the music of the Balearic Islands; however, for the purposes of this list, the islands are included with Catalonia; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Jan Fairley, "Music of the Regions" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113 and pgs. 292 - 297; (1980) “Spain”, Stanley Sadie (Ed) The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 1561591742.; Hobgoblin Info Source; Report and Projects: Music in the Balearic and Pityusan Islands. Judith R.Cohen, Esperança Bonet Roig and Manel Frau. URL accessed on April 23, 2006.; For Culture Lovers. FEVA. URL accessed on September 28, 2005.
10. ^ Johnson, Henry. Maintaining and Creating Heritage (pdf), Small Island Cultures Research Initiative. URL accessed 2006-04-29.
11. ^ Ritchie, pg. 48; ; Sawyer, pgs. 16 - 17; Cornish Music. Real Cornwall. URL accessed on May 1, 2006.
12. ^ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo" and "Toe Tapping Tamburicas", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pg. 31 - 35 and pgs. 46 - 48; Present. Folk Ensemble Filip Devic. URL accessed on May 5, 2006.; The Moreska Dance. Korcula.net. URL accessed on May 6, 2006.; (October 2000). "Croatia: A Diverse Culture". Footnotes (59). URL accessed on May 6.
13. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 91; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 49 - 57
14. ^ Cronshaw, Andrew, "A New Pulse for the Pols", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 58 - 63
15. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Bloemendaal, Wim, "Tilting at Windmills" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 207 - 210; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163
16. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Ritchie, pg. 73; Irwin, Colin, "England's Changing Roots", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 64 - 82; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 99 - 100; World Music Central
17. ^ Nettl notes that broadside ballads were primarily a form of popular music, but that many such ballads entered the folk repertoire.
18. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 16 - 24
19. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "A New Pulse for the Pols", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 58 - 63
20. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75, 87; Cronshaw, Andrew, "New Runes", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 91 - 102
21. ^ Rans, Paul, "Flemish, Walloon and Global Fusion", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 25 - 30
22. ^ Bloemendaal, Wim, "Tilting at Windmills" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 207 - 210
23. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 102 - 106; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Alessio Surian, "Music of the Regions" and "Tenores and Tarantellas" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113 and pgs. 189 - 201; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163
24. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 51, 76; Jan Fairley, "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 292 - 297; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 19; World Music Central
25. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75, 80; Hunt, Ken, "Kraut Kaunterblast" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 114 - 125; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163
26. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pgs. 127 - 132; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 92; Dubin, Marc and George Pissalidhes, "Songs of the Near East" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 126 - 142
27. ^ Bohlman, pg. 199; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Broughton, Simon, "A Musical Mother Tongue" and "Taraf Traditions"in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 159 - 167 and pgs. 237 - 247; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207; Kinney, pgs. 190 - 192; World Music Central
28. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Waiting for the Thaw" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 168 - 169
29. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 15 - 17, 32 - 33, 60, 67, 72, 74 - 75, 77, 80 - 81; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; O'Connor, Nuala, "Dancing at the Virtual Crossroads" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 170 - 188; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 7 - 10, 36 - 37, 55 - 56, 101 - 105, 111 - 112, 117 - 121, 172 - 176, 232 - 233
30. ^ The bouzouki is a relatively recent import that is often considered to not be a traditional instrument. O'Connor, however, acknowledges that though "it might seem odd", the bouzouki has "taken firm root" in traditional music.
31. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 106 - 109; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Alessio Surian, "Music of the Regions" and "Tenores and Tarantellas" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113 and pgs. 189 - 201; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; World Music Central
32. ^ Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 16 - 24
33. ^ Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 16 - 24
34. ^ Ritchie, pg. 43; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 17 - 18
35. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pgs. 137 - 139; Burton, Kim, "Tricky Rhythms" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 202 - 206
36. ^ Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 273 - 276
37. ^ Bohlman, pg. 210; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Fjords and Fiddles" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 211 - 218; Sawyers, pgs. 79 - 81; World Music Central
38. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 91 - 92; Broughton, Simon, "Hanging on in the Highlands" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 219 - 224; Kinney, pgs. 190 - 191; World Music Central
39. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pg. 115; Cronshaw, Andrew and Paul Vernon, "Traditional Riches, Fate and Revolution" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 225 - 236
40. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pg. 121, 165; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 115 - 116; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 49 - 57; Broughton, Simon, "Kings and Queens of the Road" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 146 - 158; Kinney, pgs. 121 - 155; World Music Central
41. ^ Broughton, Simon, "Taraf Traditions" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 237 - 247; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207
42. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 87; Broughton, Simon and Tatiana Didenko, "Music of the People" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 248 - 254; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207
43. ^ Cronshaw, Andrew, "Joiks of the Tundra" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 255 - 260
44. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 15 - 16, 18, 38 - 39, 40 - 41, 62, 66, 71 - 73, 80; Heywood, Pete and Colin Irwin, "From Strathspeys to Acid Croft" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 261 - 272; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 10 - 13, 36 - 37, 39, 80 - 82, 88 - 101, 113 - 116, 121 - 126, 131 - 133, 146, 162 - 164, 202
45. ^ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pg. 31 - 35; Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 273 - 276; Kinney, pgs. 189 - 190
46. ^ narodna muzika and novokomponovana narodna muzika translate respectively as folk music and newly-composed folk music; Burton describes both terms as perhaps vague, referring sometimes to traditionally-styled music or outright modern, popular music, which would not qualify as true folk music under any common scholarly definition; Burton also notes that many novokomponovana narodna muzika songs reflect a more Bosnian character than Serbian or Montenegrin.
47. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 91; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 49 - 57
48. ^ Burton, Kim, "The Sound of Austro-Slavs" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 277 - 278
49. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 113 - 117; Cronshaw, Andrew and Paul Vernon, and Jan Fairley, "Traditional Riches, Fate and Revolution" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 225 - 236 and pgs. 292 - 297; Kinney, pgs. 121 - 155; McKinney and Anderson, pgs. 614 - 616; World Music Central
50. ^ Bohlman, pg. 210; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Fjords and Fiddles" and "A Devil of a Polska" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 211 - 218 and pgs. 298 - 307; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; World Music Central
51. ^ Hunt, Ken, "Kraut Kaunterblast" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 114 - 125; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163
52. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pgs. 163 - 165
53. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 87; Kochan, Alexs and Julian Kytasty, "The Bandura Played On" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 308 - 312
54. ^ Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 273 - 276
55. ^ Rans, Paul, "Flemish, Walloon and Global Fusion", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 25 - 30
56. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 4, 44 - 46, 71; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Price, William, "Harps, Bards and the Gwerin" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 313 - 319; ; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 13 - 14, 38 - 39