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Types of software synthesizer
Software synthesizers can run as stand-alone applications or as plugins within other applications.
There are various audio plugin formats that allow implementation of software synthesizers including:
VST cross platform
DirectSound, part of DirectX, Windows only
DSSI based on LADSPA Linux only
MESS based on the MusE sequencer but not limited to it, Linux only
Audio Units Mac only
RTAS, based on Pro Tools, Mac and Windows
TDM
MAS, based on Digital Performer, Mac and Windows
ReWire created by Propellerhead Software, Mac and Windows
Popular software synthesizers
Absynth
Adventus VSTi
Albino
Blue
Cameleon5000 Additive Morphing VSTi
ChucK (a strongly-timed, concurrent, and on-the-fly audio programming language)
Click MusicalKEYS freeware software sythesizer
Crystal
Csound (A programming language that allows synthesis of scores)
Cubase
FL Studio
FluidSynth - previously known as IIWU Synth
FM7 (Yamaha DX7 emulator)
GURU
Hydra
impOSCar (OSC OSCar emulator)
Lounge Lizard - Electric Piano (Based on physical modelling)
Max/MSP (modular synth)
µTonic
M-Tron (Mellotron emulator)
Moog Modular V (Moog modular emulator)
MusE
M42 Nebula-M51 Galaxy
Octopus
Oddity (ARP Instruments Odyssey emulator)
Orion Platinum (Music Production Software with instruments and effects)
Pro-53 (Prophet 5 emulator)
Pure Data (modular synth, free open source)
Ravity
Reaktor
Reason
ReBirth (Roland TR-808/TR-909/TB-303 emulator)
Rosegarden
SawStudio
String Theory
Super Collider (programming language for building own synths)
SynFactory
Synful
Synth1 (free - modelled after Clavia Nordlead 2 synthesizer)
SynthEdit (shareware - modular synthesiser for Windows)
Tassman - Sound Synthesis Studio (based on physical modelling)
TiMidity++
Toxic 2 - FM Synth
Zebra 2
z3ta+
Vanguard
Zero Vector
ZynAddSubFX