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Dolby Digital is the marketing name for a series of lossy audio compression technologies by Dolby Laboratories.

Contents 1 Versions 1.1 Dolby Digital 1.2 Dolby Digital EX 1.3 Dolby Digital Live 1.4 Dolby Digital Surround EX 1.5 Dolby Digital Plus 2 Channel configurations 3 Applications of Dolby Digital 4 Dolby Technologies in Packaged Media Formats 5 References 6 External links

Versions

Dolby Digital includes several similar technologies.

Dolby Digital

Dolby Digital, or AC-3, is the common version containing 6 total channels of sound, with 5 channels for normal-range speakers (Right front, Center, Left Front, Right Rear and Left Rear) and one channel for the LFE, or subwoofer. The Dolby Digital format supports Mono and Stereo usages as well.

This codec has several aliases, which are different names for the same codec:

• Dolby Digital (promotion name, not accepted by the ATSC)
• DD (an abbreviation of above, often combined with channel count: DD 5.1)
• Dolby Surround AC-3 Digital (second promotional name, as seen on early film releases, and on home audio equipment till about 1995/6 or so)
• Dolby Stereo Digital (first promotional name, as seen on early releases, also seen on True Lies LaserDisc)
• Dolby SR-Digital (when the recording incorporates a Dolby Surround-format recording for compatibility)
• SR-D (an abbreviation of above)
• Adaptive Transform Coder 3 (relates to the bitstream format of Dolby Digital)
• AC-3 (an abbreviation of above)
• Audio Codec 3, Advanced Codec 3, Acoustic Coder 3 (These are backronyms. However, Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding 3, or ATRAC3, is a separate format developed by Sony)
• ATSC A/52 (name of the standard, current version is A/52 Rev. B)

Dolby Digital EX

Dolby Digital EX is similar in practice to Dolby's earlier Pro-Logic format, which utilized Matrix technology to add a center and single rear surround channel to stereo soundtracks. EX adds an extension to the standard 5.1 channel Dolby Digital codec in the form of matrixed rear channels, creating 6.1 or 7.1 channel output. However, the format is not considered a true 6.1 or 7.1 channel codec because it lacks the capability to support a discrete 6th channel like the competing DTS-ES codec.

Dolby Digital Live

Dolby Digital Live is a real-time encoding technology for interactive media such as video games. It converts any audio signals on a PC or game console into the 5.1-channel Dolby Digital format and transports it via a single S/PDIF cable.[1] The SoundStorm, used for the Xbox game console and certain nForce2-based PCs, used an early form of this technology. Dolby Digital Live is currently available in sound cards from manufacturers such as Turtle Beach[2] and Auzentech^[3]

Dolby Digital Surround EX

Whereas Dolby's Pro-Logic IIx format creates 6.1 and 7.1 channel output from stereo 2 channel (2.0), the Digital Surround EX codec adds a sixth and sometimes seventh channel to standard (non-EX) 5.1 channel Dolby Digital soundtracks.

Dolby Digital Plus

Dolby Digital Plus is an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec. It offers increased bitrates (up to 6.144 Mbit/s), support for more audio channels (up to 13.1), improved coding techniques to reduce compression artifacts, and backward compatibility with existing AC-3 hardware.

Channel configurations

Although most commonly associated with the 5.1 channel configuration, Dolby Digital allows a number of different channel selections. The full list of available options is:

• Mono (Center only)
• 2-channel stereo (Left + Right), optionally carrying matrixed Dolby Surround
• 3-channel stereo (Left, Center, Right)
• 2-channel stereo with mono surround (Left, Right, Surround)
• 3-channel stereo with mono surround (Left, Center, Right, Surround)
• 4-channel quadrophonic (Left, Right, Left Surround, Right Surround)
• 5-channel surround (Left, Center, Right, Left Surround, Right Surround)

All of these configurations can optionally include the extra LFE channel. The last two with stereo surrounds can optionally use Dolby Digital EX matrix encoding to add an extra Rear Surround channel.

Dolby Digital decoders are equipped with downmixing functionality to distribute encoded channels to available speakers. This includes such functions as playing surround information through the front speakers if surround speakers are unavailable, and distributing the center channel to left and right if no center speaker is available. When outputting to separate equipment over a 2-channel connection, a Dolby Digital decoder can optionally encode the output using Dolby Surround to preserve surround information.

Applications of Dolby Digital

Dolby Digital SR-D cinema soundtracks are optically recorded on a 35mm release print using sequential data blocks placed between every perforation hole on the sound track side of the film. A CCD scanner in the projector picks up a scanned video image of this area, and a processor correlates the image area and extracts the digital data as an AC-3 bitstream. These data are finally decoded into a 5.1 channel audio source.

Dolby Digital audio is also used on DVD Video and other purely digital media, like home cinema. In this format, the AC-3 bitstream is interleaved with the video and control bitstreams.

The system is used in many bandwidth-limited applications other than DVD Video, such as digital TV.

According to the AC-3 standard, the maximum coded bit rate is 640 kbit/s. 35mm film prints use a fixed rate of 320 kbit/s. DVD-Video players typically hit a ceiling of 448 kbit/s (due to manufacturer-imposed limitations), although they could technically handle the maximum bit rate. Digital cable TV standards limit AC-3 to 448 kbit/s. ATSC limits AC-3 to 384 kbit/s. The Microsoft Xbox game console outputs an AC-3 signal at the maximum allowed rate, 640 kbit/s.

Dolby is part of a group of organizations involved in the development of AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), part of MPEG specifications, and also considered the successor to MP3. AAC outperforms AC-3 at any bitrate, but is more complex. The advantages of AAC become clearly audible at less than 400 kbit/s for 5.1 channels, and at less than 180 kbit/s for 2.0 channels.

Dolby Digital Plus (DD-Plus) will likely be deployed in future-generation DVD standards. As of May 2005, DD-Plus is a "mandatory codec" for HD DVD. This means all HD DVD hardware will be capable of decoding audio-content compressed by DD-Plus. DD-Plus is also an "optional codec" for Blu-ray Disc.

Dolby Technologies in Packaged Media Formats

	HD DVD			Blu-ray			DVD			DVD-Audio
Codec	Status	Channels	Max Bit Rate	Status	Channels	Max Bit Rate	Status	Channels	Max Bit Rate	Status	Channels	Max Bit Rate
Dolby Digital	Mandatory	5.1	448 kbit/s	Mandatory	5.1	640 kbit/s	Mandatory	5.1	448 kbit/s	Optional in video zone for playback compatibility on DVD-Video players	5.1	448 kbit/s
Dolby Digital Plus		7.1	3 Mbit/s	Optional	7.1	1.7 Mbit/s	N/A
Dolby TrueHD		8	18 Mbit/s		8	18 Mbit/s

References

1. ^ Dolby Digital Live. Dolby.com.
2. ^ Montego DDL. Turtlebeach.com.
3. ^ HDA X-Plosion 7.1 DTS Connect. Auzentech.com.

External links

• Dolby Laboratories
• Dolby Chart
• AC3Filter - open source DirectShow AC3 decoder
• Open source liba52 dolby digital decoder
• ATSC standards, from which a PDF file of the A/52B "Digital Audio Compression (AC-3) Standard" may be downloaded